What Is Seventy In French

What is Seventy in French? More Than Just "Soixante-Dix"

Learning a new language is a rewarding journey, filled with discoveries and the joy of connecting with different cultures. One of the first hurdles many learners face is mastering the numbers. While most number systems are relatively straightforward, French presents a unique challenge with its system for expressing numbers from 60 to 100. This article delves into the intricacies of expressing "seventy" in French, exploring its various forms, the historical context behind its unusual structure, and offering practical tips to help you confidently incorporate it into your French vocabulary. Understanding "seventy" opens the door to a deeper grasp of the French numerical system and its fascinating quirks.

The Basic Form: Soixante-Dix

The most common and widely accepted way to say "seventy" in French is soixante-dix. This literally translates to "sixty-ten." This structure highlights a key feature of the French numerical system: numbers between 60 and 100 are expressed as multiples of 20 (vingt) and 10 (dix). Instead of a single word for seventy, like in English, French uses a compound form combining the words for sixty and ten.

• Soixante: Sixty
• Dix: Ten

Therefore, soixante-dix directly represents 60 + 10 = 70. This system might seem unconventional at first, but with practice, it becomes second nature.

Variations and Alternatives: Septante?

While soixante-dix is the standard and most widely understood way to say seventy in French, it's important to note a regional variation. In some regions of Switzerland, Belgium, and parts of Western France, the word septante is used. This is a more straightforward equivalent, akin to the English "seventy." However, while understood, it might sound unusual or even incorrect to someone from other French-speaking regions. Therefore, sticking with soixante-dix guarantees comprehension across all francophone areas.

Understanding the French Numerical System: A Deeper Dive

The peculiarities surrounding "seventy" aren't isolated incidents. The French system for expressing numbers from 60 to 100 displays a consistent pattern:

• Soixante (60): Sixty
• Soixante-dix (70): Sixty-ten
• Soixante-onze (71): Sixty-eleven
• Soixante-douze (72): Sixty-twelve
• Soixante-treize (73): Sixty-thirteen
• Soixante-quatorze (74): Sixty-fourteen
• Soixante-quinze (75): Sixty-fifteen
• Soixante-seize (76): Sixty-sixteen
• Soixante-dix-sept (77): Sixty-seventeen
• Soixante-dix-huit (78): Sixty-eighteen
• Soixante-neuf (79): Sixty-nine
• Soixante-dix (80): Eighty (Four twenties)
• Quatre-vingts (80): Four twenties (alternative way to say 80)
• Quatre-vingt-un (81): Four twenties and one
• Quatre-vingt-deux (82): Four twenties and two
• ...and so on until 99 (quatre-vingt-dix-neuf) and 100 (cent).

Notice that after 79, the pattern shifts again. The number 80 is quatre-vingts ("four twenties"), demonstrating a historical link to a vigesimal (base-20) system. This system reflects a historical influence of the Celtic languages that predated the current French language, and which still retains a few traces in this peculiar numbering convention.

The Historical Context: A Journey Through Time

The unique French way of expressing numbers between 60 and 100 is a fascinating reflection of its linguistic history. This system isn't a random anomaly but rather a remnant of a vigesimal (base-20) counting system, prevalent in several ancient cultures, including those of Celtic origin. While the majority of the French number system is decimal (base-10), this vestige remains as a testament to the linguistic evolution of the language. The original Celtic system likely used a base-20 counting structure, which was partially replaced by the Roman decimal system over time. However, the influence of the older system remains stubbornly entrenched in this specific range.

The term quatre-vingts (four twenties) is a particularly clear example of this influence. While quatre-vingts can be written as 80 in modern decimal notation, its very structure reveals its origin in a base-20 framework. This peculiar system isn’t just an anomaly; it provides a valuable glimpse into the rich and complex linguistic tapestry that constitutes the French language and its evolution through the ages.

Several theories exist to explain why this particular segment of the numerical system retained its vigesimal structure, while the rest transitioned to the more standard decimal system. Some suggest that the system’s persistence may be related to its practical usefulness in certain contexts, such as counting objects or measuring quantities of goods commonly traded in multiples of twenty.

Practical Applications and Common Phrases

Mastering soixante-dix and the surrounding numbers is crucial for various situations:

• Everyday Conversations: Talking about age, dates, times, or prices often requires using numbers in this range. Imagine ordering a meal: "Je voudrais soixante-dix grammes de fromage" (I would like seventy grams of cheese).
• Telling Time: Expressing time, for example, "Il est sept heures dix" (It's seven ten), utilizes these numbers.
• Dates: "Le vingt-sept juillet soixante-dix-sept" (July twenty-seventh, 1977) – here you will notice the use of "soixante-dix-sept" to represent 77 which is a part of the year, showing how these number phrases are used in context.

Practicing using these numbers in context will significantly improve your fluency and confidence.

Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

One common mistake is attempting to directly translate "seventy" as "septante." While understood in some regions, it's not universally accepted and may sound incorrect in formal settings or to speakers from other French-speaking regions. Always opt for soixante-dix to ensure clear communication. Another common error is miscounting the numbers between 60 and 100. Practicing regularly with flashcards, language learning apps, or speaking with native speakers will help prevent mistakes and solidify your understanding.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: Is "septante" ever acceptable?

A: While septante is used in some regions, soixante-dix is the safer and more widely accepted option. Using septante might be understood but may sound unusual or even incorrect to some.

Q: How do I pronounce "soixante-dix"?

A: The pronunciation is approximately /swa.sɑ̃t.dis/. It's best to listen to a native speaker to get the exact intonation and pronunciation. Online dictionaries and language learning apps offer audio pronunciations.

Q: Why is the French number system different for numbers between 60 and 100?

A: This is due to the historical influence of a vigesimal (base-20) counting system from Celtic languages, a remnant that persists in this range despite the overall shift to a decimal (base-10) system.

Q: How can I improve my understanding of French numbers?

A: Consistent practice is key. Use flashcards, language learning apps, engage in conversations, and immerse yourself in the language through media like French films, songs and TV.

Conclusion: Embracing the Nuances of French Numerals

Understanding "seventy" in French – soixante-dix – is more than just learning a single word; it's unlocking a deeper comprehension of the fascinating history and evolution of the French language. While the seemingly unusual structure of numbers between 60 and 100 may initially seem daunting, with consistent effort and a deeper understanding of its linguistic roots, it becomes manageable and even intriguing. Remember to embrace the nuances, practice regularly, and don't hesitate to ask questions. As you progress in your French learning journey, the unique quirks of the language will become less of a barrier and more of a fascinating aspect of this rich and vibrant culture.